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European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. ...
Full title: European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part III: behavioural and psychosocial interventions.
This clinical guideline provides recommendations for the behavioural and psychosocial interventions (BPI) of children and adolescents with tic disorders prepared by a working group of the European Society for the Study of Tourette Syndrome (ESSTS). A systematic literature search was conducted to obtain an update on the efficacy of BPI for tics. Relevant studies were identified using computerised searches of the Medline and PsycINFO databases and the Cochrane Library for the years 1950-2010. The search identified no meta-analyses, yet twelve (systematic) reviews and eight randomised controlled trials provided evidence for the current review. Most evidence was found for habit reversal training (HRT) and the available but smaller evidence also supports the efficacy of exposure with response prevention (ERP). Both interventions are considered first line behavioural treatments for tics for both children and adults and should be offered to a patient, taking into account his preference. Treatments that are considered second line or add-on behavioural treatments are contingency management, function based interventions and relaxation training. Neurofeedback is still experimental. Almost no research was identified that examined the efficacy of psychosocial interventions, e.g., psychoeducation and group work. Based on clinical practice, this guideline recommends behavioural treatment as first line offer to patients in most cases. It should be embedded within a psychoeducational and supportive context and can be combined with drug treatment.
Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011 Apr;20(4):197-207. Verdellen C, van de Griendt J, Hartmann A, Murphy T; ESSTS Guidelines Group. Collaborators: Androutsos C, Aschauer H, Baird G, Bos-Veneman N, Brambilla A, Cardona F, Cath DC, Cavanna AE, Czernecki V, Dehning S, Eapter A, Farkas L, Gadaros J, Hartmann A, Hauser E, Heyman I, Hedderly T, Hoekstra PJ, Korsgaard A, Jackson GM, Larsson L, Ludolph AG, Martino D, Menghetti C, Mol Debes N, Muller N, Muller-Vahl K, Munchau A, Murphy T, Musil R, Nagy P, Nurnberger J, Oostra B, Paschou P, Pasquini M, Plessen KJ, Porta M, Rickards H, Rizzo R, Robertson MM, Roessner V, Rothenberger A, Servello D, Skov L, Stern JS, Strand G, Tarnok Z, Termine C, Van der Griendt J, Verdellen C, Visser-Vandewalle V, Wannag E, Wolanczyck T. HSK Group/Expertise Centre Tics, Hambakenwetering 5B, 5231 DD Den Bosch, The Netherlands. c.verdellen@hsk.nl
Addictions are serious chronic brain diseases, which have biological, psychological, and social implications. They are powerful because they employ neurological processes required for learning and survival. However, they use these vital systems in a way that threatens the addict’s health, relationships, and may often end in criminal prosecution and jail time. So, to understand and treat this problem both the patient and the counselor must know how abuse is encoded, triggered, and reinforced.
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